underground drivages
Underground drivages:
Underground drivages typically refer to excavated tunnels or passages created for various purposes, such as mining, transportation, or infrastructure development. These drivages are constructed beneath the surface of the ground and can span long distances.
Here are some key points about underground drivages:
1. Mining: Underground drivages are commonly used in mining operations to access mineral deposits deep beneath the earth's surface. Drivages in mines serve as pathways for workers and equipment, as well as for the transportation of extracted materials.
2. Tunneling: Underground drivages are also constructed for the development of tunnels. These tunnels can be used for transportation purposes, such as road or railway tunnels, or for utilities like water supply, sewage, or underground power cables.
3. Construction: During the construction of large infrastructure projects like dams, underground drivages may be created to divert water or provide access for construction activities. They can also be used to accommodate underground parking areas in urban developments.
4. Excavation methods: Underground drivages can be created using various excavation methods, depending on the geological conditions and project requirements. Common methods include drilling and blasting, tunnel boring machines (TBMs), or a combination of both.
5. Support systems: To ensure the stability and safety of underground drivages, support systems are implemented. These may include rock bolts, steel arches, shotcrete (sprayed concrete), or other structural reinforcement techniques.
6. Ventilation and lighting: Proper ventilation and lighting systems are essential in underground drivages to maintain air quality, remove pollutants, and provide sufficient visibility for workers.
7. Safety considerations: Underground drivages present inherent risks due to the confined spaces, potential for rock falls, and exposure to hazardous gases. Strict safety protocols, training, and monitoring systems are employed to mitigate these risks and ensure the well-being of workers.
8. Maintenance and monitoring: Regular maintenance and monitoring of underground drivages are necessary to identify potential issues, such as structural deterioration or ground movement, and take corrective actions to ensure their integrity.
It's important to note that specific regulations, standards, and techniques may vary depending on the country, industry, and project requirements when it comes to underground drivages.
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