Mine Levelling Techniques:

Mine surveying plays a crucial role in the mining industry by providing accurate measurements and data that are essential for safe and efficient mining operations. Levels and leveling are important techniques used in mine surveying to determine elevations and create level surfaces within the mine site. Let's delve into levels and leveling in the context of mine surveying.

1. Levels: 

Levels are instruments used to measure vertical distances or elevations. They consist of a telescope mounted on a tripod, with a leveling mechanism that allows the instrument to be set up precisely. Some commonly used levels in mine surveying include dumpy levels, automatic levels, and digital levels.

2. Levelling:

Levelling is the process of determining the relative heights or elevations of different points on the ground. It involves the use of a level instrument and a leveling staff. 

Levelling can be done using two methods: 

differential leveling and trigonometric leveling.

a. Differential Leveling: Differential leveling is the most commonly used method in mine surveying. It involves setting up a level instrument at a known elevation, called a benchmark, and then measuring the height differences between the benchmark and various points of interest in the mine. This process is repeated to establish a network of accurately leveled points within the mine. Differential leveling is typically performed using a series of leveling rods or staffs, which are held vertically at each point to be surveyed. The height differences between the benchmark and the staff readings are then recorded.

b. Trigonometric Leveling: Trigonometric leveling is an alternative method to differential leveling that relies on trigonometric calculations rather than direct height measurements. It involves measuring horizontal distances and vertical angles from the instrument to the target points using a theodolite or total station. By applying trigonometric principles, the differences in elevation between the instrument and the target points can be determined.

In both leveling methods, a series of measurements are taken to establish a network of accurately leveled points within the mine. These points serve as references for various purposes, such as designing mine infrastructure, calculating volumes of excavated material, determining slopes and gradients, and monitoring ground movements.

It's important to note that modern surveying techniques often utilize advanced technologies such as Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) and LiDAR scanning for more efficient and precise mine surveying. These technologies can enhance the accuracy and speed of data collection, resulting in improved mine planning and operations.